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1月27日 History of ChocolateHistory of Chocolate Lesson Plan
1500 BC-400 BC - The Olmec Indians are believed to be the first to grow cocoa beans as a domestic crop. 250 to 900 CE - The consumption of cocoa beans was restricted to the Mayan society's elite, in the form of an unsweetened cocoa drink made from the ground beans. AD 600 - Mayans migrate into northern regions of South America establishing earliest known cocoa plantations in the Yucatan.
14th Century - The drink became popular among the Aztec upper classes who usurped the cocoa beverage from the Mayans and were the first to tax the beans. The Aztecs called it "xocalatl" meaning warm or bitter liquid. Xocolatl is flavored with local spices, including chili, cinnamon, musk, pepper and vanilla, and thickened with cornmeal; then frothed in a bowl with a molinillo and served at room temperature.
1502 - Columbus encountered a great Mayan trading canoe in Guanaja carrying cocoa beans as cargo. 1519 - Spanish explorer Hernando Cortez recorded the cocoa usage in the court of Emperor Montezuma. 1544 - Dominican friars took a delegation of Kekchi Mayan nobles to visit Prince Philip of Spain. The Mayans brought gift jars of beaten cocoa, mixed and ready to drink. Spain and Portugal did not export the beloved drink to the rest of Europe for nearly a century. 1615- Spanish Princess Maria Theresa gives her fiancé Louis XIV of France an engagement gift of chocolate, packaged in an elegant, ornate chest. Their marriage is symbolic of the marriage of chocolate in the Spanish-Franco culture. The word of chocolate further spreads throughout Europe. 1657 - The first chocolate house was opened in London by a Frenchman. The shop was called The Coffee Mill and Tobacco Roll. Costing 10 to 15 shillings per pound, chocolate was considered a beverage for the elite class. 1672 -Sir Hans Sloane details in the American Physician medicinal recipe using milk in drinking chocolate.. He brings his recipe back to England and sells it to an apothecary who markets the product as “Sir Hans Sloane’s milk chocolate.” ¹ 1765 - Chocolate was introduced to the United States when Irish chocolate-maker John Hanan imported cocoa beans from the West Indies into Dorchester, Massachusetts, to refine them with the help of American Dr. James Baker. The pair soon after built America's first chocolate mill and by 1780, the mill was making the famous BAKER'S ® chocolate. 1795 - Dr. Joseph Fry of Bristol, England, employed a steam engine for grinding cocoa beans, an invention that led to the manufacture of chocolate on a large factory scale.
1828 - Conrad Van Houten patented his invention in Amsterdam and his alkalizing process became known as "Dutching". 1847 - Joseph Fry & Son discovered a way to mix some of the cocoa butter back into the "Dutched" chocolate, and added sugar, creating a paste that could be molded. The result was the first modern chocolate bar. 1861 - Richard Cadbury created the first known heart-shaped candy box for Valentine's Day. & John Cadbury mass-marketed the first boxes of chocolate candies. 1879 - Daniel Peter and Henri Nestlé joined together to form the Nestlé Company. 1879 - Rodolphe Lindt of Berne, Switzerland, produced a more smooth and creamy chocolate that melted on the tongue. He invented the "conching" machine. To conch meant to heat and roll chocolate in order to refine it. After chocolate had been conched for seventy-two hours and had more cocoa butter added to it, it was possible to create chocolate "fondant" and other creamy forms of chocolate. 1897 - The first known published recipe for chocolate brownies appeared in the Sears and Roebuck Catalogue. 1926 - Belgian chocolatier, Joseph Draps starts the Godiva Company to compete with Hershey's and Nestle's American market. 1939-World War II rationing includes chocolate: in Europe it is rationed to 4 ounces per person per week. Sales of chocolate are half of pre-war sales. 1986 -Valrhona introduces the concept of the single origin chocolate bar, making their first with beans exclusively from South America. The 70% cacao bar is named Guanaja in honor of the island of Guanaja, off Honduras, where Christopher Columbus first tasted chocolate almost 500 years earlier. They call it a Grand Cru chocolate. 2000 -The Cote d’Ivoire , also known as the Ivory Coast, is the world’s largest exporter of cacao beans, 1.4 million tons. The Netherlands both imports and grinds the most cacao. Some is made into chocolates; the remainder is processed into covertures and cocoa powder and exported to other countries which make their own chocolates from it. 2008- The average U.S. citizen eats 12 lbs (5.45kg) of chocolate annually, second only to the Swiss who consume a staggering 22lbs (11kg) per person per year.
An additional resource is The Food Timeline that was created by Lynne Olver reference librarian and IACP member.
1月20日 I need.....World of Teaching PowerPoint Lessons : Large collection of slides, look for "Browse the entire collection by category".
PowerPoint Collection :Assorted PowerPoint links from J.C schools.
Nebo PowerPoints : Teacher made slides from Utah. NYPL Digital Gallery provides access to over 600,000 images digitized from primary sources and printed rarities in the collections of The New York Public Library, including illuminated manuscripts, historical maps, vintage posters, rare prints and photographs, illustrated books, printed ephemera, and more. Blue Web'n is an online library of 2137 outstanding Internet sites categorized by subject, grade level, and format (tools, references, lessons, hotlists, resources, tutorials, activities, projects). You can also browse by broad subject area (Content Areas) or specific sub-categories (Subject Area). Federal Resources for Educational Excellence : More than 1,500 federally supported teaching and learning resources are included from dozens of federal agencies.
English Language Arts Breaking News English: EFL/ESL Lesson Plans Pink Monkey: Literature Summaries
Reading & Literature BookPals Online
Math Chicago Mathematics Curriculum Illuminations from the NCTM.
Science Science NetLinks:resources for K-12 science educators, Quiz Hub: Chemical Elements & Symbols Edible/Inedible Experiments Archive Bizarre Stuff to make in Your Kitchen
Social Studies High School Ace: U.S. History & Government Quiz Hub: U.S. Map Game Time Life: 80 Days That Changed the World
Health & Nutrition Learn To Be Healthy Physical Fitness For Kids & Teens 1月13日 A Season of Community Theater
My mom called me this week to ask me if I wanted her to buy me a season pass for the Schoolhouse Players. I of course said yes! The community theater is located in Bartow, Georgia. Bartow, itself, is a delightful town to walk around & take pictures. If you want to make a weekend of it, they have a great Bed & Breakfast called Magnolia Mornings. I recommend Lewis Lake for an authentic taste of the region.
The first presentation ( Jan. 25 & 26) is a musical by Johnny Mercer with the title : “Too Marvelous for Words”. Even though Ella will not be singing, I am sure the music & evening will be marvelous!
Greater Tuna will be in March. It is a Texas “spoof” comedy. For a small preview, see the scene from Greater Tuna “Funeral for the Judge”.
The” Mouth of the South” will be April 15. A family respite. You may need this on this national date!
The summer begins with “An Evening of Culture: Faith County II” It is another comedy and a lampoon of Shakespeare’s Romeo & Juliet. It shows the efforts of naïves intentions.
My birthday in September will be a musical celebration with “Slow Down, Sweet Chariot” A little ironical for my big “50” Swing Low, Sweet Chariot in MP3 form.
The season end in November with the Christmas classic, Charles Dickens’ “A Christmas Carol”. An audio version is available form the Gutenberg Project. A wonderful radio show “ The Mercury Theater” by Orson Welles does a dramatic version.
Speir’s Turnout Festival is a great fall festival to attend October 25 in the unique special town.
Sooner or later we all discover that the important moments in life are not the advertised ones, not the birthdays, the graduations, the weddings, not the great goals achieved. The real milestones are less prepossessing. They come to the door of memory unannounced, stray dogs that amble in, sniff around a bit and simply never leave. Our lives are measured by these. -- Susan B. Anthony 1月6日 Student Work
Student work should be displayed with teacher commentary as part of the Standards Based Classroom Approach. Many times, however, the student work is displayed randomly with irrelevant commentary. Why? Teachers are required to post work and make commentary without understanding standards/task and without training on reflective teaching practices.
The First Step:
The Assessment Step:
* Open-ended or extended response exercises are questions or other prompts that require students to explore a topic orally or in writing. Students might be asked to describe their observations from a science experiment, or present arguments an historic character would make concerning a particular proposition. For example, what would Abraham Lincoln argue about the causes of the Civil War?
** Portfolios are selected collections of a variety of performance-based work. A portfolio might include a student's "best pieces" and the student's evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses of several pieces. The portfolio may also contain some "works in progress" that illustrate the improvements the student has made over time
The Informative Step: How will the student work/assessment/task be displayed or illustrated? How will it inform and help students improve? Standards/ Student Work/Commentary
The Reflective Step: How will the student work inform your planning and teaching? Save commentary for consistency when using lesson again. Compare student’s scores with past assessments. Are your comments/scores consistent? Was the same criteria used? Did this assessment help your students achieve the standard? Were there other differentiation activities that would have been more appropriate for measuring student performance in this area?
This will not be the last of on this subject with GAPPS analysis teams, School Improvement teams, State Department visits, SAC’s reviews, etc.- more requirements will be made for teachers.
Display of student work with teacher commentary is only a beginning. |
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